Jointing and Pointing

Jointing and pointing are used for the finish given to both the vertical and the horizontal joints in external faces of wall irrespective of whether the wall is of brick , block , solid or cavity construction

Brickwork or blockwork is jointed or pointed for 2 reasons:

• To ensure that all horizontal and vertical mortar joints in external brickwork or blockwork are solidly filled with mortar to make them watertight
• For decorative reasons . THe appearance of brickwork or blockwork can be varied considerably by the use of coloured mortar for pointing and by making the kointing and pointing recessed or protruding .
• 
  Differences between jointing and pointing

• Jointing is the finish of the mortar joints between bricks or blocks , in rbickwork or blockwork that is finished fairface example not subsequently covered with plaster rendering or other finish
• Jointing is executed as the brickwork or blockwork is buildt
• Pointing is the finish given to the joints by raking out to a depth of approximately 20mm and filling in one the face with a hard-setting cement mortar which could have a colour additive
• The mortar for pointing is a special mix of lime , cement and sand or stone dust chosen to produce a particular effect of colour and texture
• Pointing is executed as an operation separate from bricklaying
• Pointing can be applied to both new and old brickwork or blockwork

Types of mortar

1) cement mortar (cement-sand )
-1:3 -suitable for brickwork exposed conditions such as parapets and for brickwork in foundations.

2)Lime mortar (lime-sand )
-1:3 -for internal use olny

3)gauged mortars ( cement :lime :sand )

1:1:6-suitable for most conditions of severe exposure
1:2:9-suitable for most condition except those of severe exposure
1:3:12 -internal use olny

• Mortar for general brickwork may be made from a mixture of cement , lime and sand .
• These mixtures combine the strength of cement with the plasticity of lime
• A rich mix of mortar is one in which there is a high proportion of matrix , that is lime or cement or both , to sand as in the 1:3 mix and a weak mix is one in which there is a low proportion of lime or cement to sand as in the mix 1:3:12
• The richer the mix of mortar the greater its compressive strength and the weaker the mix the greater the ability of the mortar to accommodate moisture or temperature movements
• If the mortar is weaker than the bricks , shrinkage cracks will tend to follow the joints of the brickwork , and these are resonably easy to make good
• If the mortar is stronger than the bricks , shringkage cracks will tend to be vertical through the joints and the bricks , thus weakening the fabric of the structure.
  

Mortar for brickwork and blockwork

• It is essential that brickwork and blockwork be laid in true horizontal courses , and the olny way this can be done with bricks and blocks is to lay them on mortar
• Mortar is a mixture of sand and lime or a mixture of sand and cement with or without lime
• Proportioning of the material can be carried by volume or weight
• Mortar should never be re-tempered , and shouls be used within 2 hours of mixing or be discarded

Functions of mortar
-To join the brickwork or blockwork of a wall into one solid mass , thus increasing its strength and stability
TO transfer the rensile comprresive and shear stresses uniformly between adjacent bricks or blocks
-TO transfer up any inequalities of the bricks or blocks
-To make the wall reasonably waterpoof and airproof under ordinary conditions

TO perform its fucntions , mortar must satisfy certain requirement :

• It must have qdequate stregth , but not greater than that required for the design strength
• It must have good workability
• It must retain plasticity long enough for the bricks to be laid
• It must be durable over a long period
• It must band well to the bricks
• It must be able to be produced at the economic cost.
  

Advantages and disadvantages of blockwork

THe main advantages of blockwork over brickwork are :

1. Labour saving (easy to cut , larger units )
2. Easier fixing ( must take direct fixing of screws and nails
3. Lower density
4. higher termal insulation properties
5. Provides a suitable key for plaster and cement rendering

THe main disadvantage are :

1. lower strength
2. Loss resistance to rain penetration
3. loadbearing properties less ( one- or two storey application )
4. lower sound insulation properties .
   

blockwork bonding at junctions

• Concrete blocks are laid in stretcherbond and joined to other walls by block bonding or by leaving metal ties or strips projecting from suitable bed courses .
• Mortar used in blockwork should be weaker than the material of the walling unit ,generally a 1:2:9 gauged mortar mix will be suitable for work above ground level .
• Because the block units are comparatively large , any settlement movement in a wall will show more abvious cracking in mortar joints

blockwork bonding

• Blocks are made in various thicknesses to suit most wall requirement and are laid in strecther bond
• Thin blocks , used for non-loadbearing partitions , are laid in strecther bond wit each block centred over and under blocks above and below
• At return angles , full blocks bond into the return wall in every other course
• So as not to disturb the full width bonding of blocks at angles , for the sake of stability , a short length of cut block is used as closer and infill block
• Thicker blocks are laid in off centre strecther bond with a three quarter length block at stop ends and sides of openings
• THe off centre strecther bond is acceptable with thicker blocks as it avoids the use of cut blocks to complete the bond at angles
• Concrete blocks walls of specially produced blocks to be used as a fairface finish are bonded at angles to return walls with specially produced quoin blocks for the sake of appearance
• THe L shaped quoin blocks are made to continue the strecther bond around the angle into the return walls
• Quoin blocks are little used for other than fairface work as they are liable to damage in handling and use and add considerably to the cost of materials and albour.

QUoin block at angles

material for blocks

1. Clay blocks

• Standard size of 290mm long x 215mm high x 75 , 100 or 150mm width.
• &5mm cavity block is intended primarily partitions
• 150mm cavity block has been used for the inner skin of cavity walls , but also used in the warmer climates countries such as Malaysia as a single-leaf external walling with rendered and emulsioned finish
  
• THey are made from selected brick clays that are press moulded and burnt
• THese hard , dense block are hollow to reduce shrinkage during firing and also to reduce their weight
  
• THey are grooved to provide a key for plaster
• Clay blocks are comparatively lightweight , do not suffer moisture movement , have goof resistence to damage by fire and poor thermal insulating properties

2.Concrete blocks

• Density of a concrete block gives an indication of its compressive strength
• THe greater the density , the stronger the block
• Classification is by compressive strength categoties : 2.8 , 3.5 , 5 , 7 , 10 , 15, 20 and 35 N/mm square
• Density will also give an indication as to the termal conductivity and acounstic properties of a block
• THe lower the density , the lower is the thermal conductivity factors , whereas the higher the density , the greater is the reduction of airborne sound through the block
• For use as a facing material , a wide range of concrete blocks is manufactured from accurate fair face blocks to rough exposed aggregates finishes
  
• Standard concrete blocks are manufacture as solid , hollow or cellular blocks from cement and either dense or lightweight aggregates
• A cellular block has one or more holes or cavities that do not pass wholly through the block
• A hollow block is one in which the holes pass through the block
• The thicker blocks are made with cavities or holes to reduce weight and drying shringkage
• The most commonly used size of both dense and lightweight aggregate concrete blocks is 440mm long x 215mm high
• The height of the block is chosen to coincide with three courses of brick for the convenience of buildings in wall ties and also bonding to brickwork
• For the leaces of cavity walls and internal loadbearing walls , 100mm thick concrete blocks are used .
• For non-loadbearing partition walls , 60 or 75mm thick concrete blocks are used .
• Concrete block or blockwork
  

block and blockwork

• A block can be defined as a walling unit exceeding the BS dimensions specified for bricks , and its height should not exceed either its length or six times it thickness
  
• BUilding blocks are made of clay or concrete
• Extensively used for both loadbearing and non-loadbearing walls , externally and internally .
  

english bond

• A 1/2B thick wall , finished fairface both sides and showing English bond both sides , requires considerably less cutting of bricks to compltete the bond
• It is olny necessary to cut closers and three quarter length bricks to complete the bond at angles and stop ends

bonding at angles or jambs

At the end of a wall at a stop end , at an angle or quoin and at jambs of openings , the bonding of brick has to be finished up to a vertical angle

• To complete the bond , a brick 1/4 wide has to be used to close or complete the bond of the 1/4 overlap of face brickwork
• A brick , cut in half along its length , is used to close the bond at angle . THis cut brick is termed a queeen closer.
• If the narrow width queen closer were laid at the angle , it might be displaced during bricklaying
• TO avoid this possibility , the closer is laid next to a header
• THe rule is that a closer is laid next to quoin ( corner ) header.
• Walls 1 1/2 B thick may be used for susbstantial walling for laggrer buildings where the walling is finished fairface both sides
  
• Fairface describes a brick wall finished with a reasonably flat and level face for the sake of appearance
  
• TO complete the bond of a solid wall 1 1/2B thick in Double Flemish bond , it is necessary to use cut half brick in the thickness of the wall
  
• At angles and stop ends of a wall , queen closer are laid next to quoin headers and a three quater length cut brick is used .
• Cutting half-length ( 1/2 bats ) and three quater brick and closers is time consuming and wasteful .

types of bonding

5.single felmish bond

• A combination of english and flemish bonds . having flemish bond on the front face with a backing of english bond
• It is considered to be slightly stonger than flemish bond
• The thinnest wall that can be buit using this bond is a 1 1/2B wall

6. Garden wall bonds

• Garden wall bonds are designed specifically to reduce the number through headers to minimise the labour in selecting bricks of rougly the same length or use as headers
• Usual garden wall bonds are :

-english garden wall bond consists of three courses of strectjers to one course of header
-Flemish garen wall bond consist of one header to every three strecther in every course

• THe reduction in the number of through header does to an extent weaken the through bond of the brickwork
• OTher combination such as two or four strecther to one header may be used
  

types of brickwork bonding

3. english bond

• A very strong bond consisting of alternate courses of header and strecthers with a header face lying directly over the centre of a strecther face below
• English bond avoids the repetition of header faces in each course
• THe colour of header faces may differ from the colour of strecther faces
• In english bond , this difference of colour is shown in succesice horizontal courses

4.FLemish bond

• This bond is sometimes reffered to as double-flemish bond
• Each course consists of alternate headers and strecthers
• THe bond is laid in which header faces lie directly above and below a strecther face .
• This bond requires fewer facing bricks than english bond
• This bond is generaly considered the most attractive bond for facing brickwork because of the variety of shades of colour between header and strecther faces dispersed over the whole face of the building
  
• ITs appearance is considered to be better than english bond , but it is not quite so strong
  

Types of brickwork bonding

It has been practice for some time to describe the thickness of a wall by t he length of a brick example 1/2B . 1B , or 1and 1/2B wall

strecher bond ( 1/2B thick wall )

• Consists of all strecthers in every course
• The bricks are laid with the vertical joints between bricks lying directly under and over the centre of the bricks in the courses under and over .
• It is used for 1/2B walls and the 1/2B skins of cavity walls
• At the intersection of two 1/2B walls at corners or angles and at the jambs , sides f openings , the bricks are laid so that a header face showns in every other course to complete the bond
  
• THe appearance of a wall laid in strecther bond may look momotonous because of the mass of stretcher faces showing

Header bond ( 1B thick wall )

• A solid wall 1B thick may be bonded with every brick showing a header face with each header face lying directly over two header faces below
• This bond is little used as the great number of vertical joints and header faces is generally considered unatteactive.
  

brickwork terminology

• Strecther is a masonry unit laid horizontally with the longer edge exposed or parallel to the surface
• Header is a masonry unit laid horizontally with the shorter end exposed or parallel to the surface
• Solder is a brick laid vertically with the longer edge face exposed
• Course is a continuous horizontal range of masonry units
• Bed joints is the horizontal joint between two masonry courses . THe term bed may refer to the underside of a masonry unit , or to the layer of mortar in which a masonry unit is laid
  
• Head joint is the vertical joint between two masonry units , perpendicular to the face of a wall
  

Cutting bricks

A range of standard cutting bricks can be produced by cutting a whole brick to filled in or closed the bonds


Faces of a bricks

• The 4 faces of brick , which may be exposed in fairface brickwork , are the 2 long strecher faces and the 2 header faces
• The face on which the brick is laid is the bed
• Some bricks have no indent or frog
• Some brick have an indent or frog formed in one of the bed faces
• The purpose of the frog or indent is to assist in compressing the wet clay during moulding
• The frog also serves as a reservoir of mortar on to which bricks in the course aboce may more easily be bedded .
  

brickwork bonding

Brickwork bonding

• stacks of bricks with continuous vertical joints between the stacks
• bricks stacked pyramid fashion

Special brick

• Half round coping
• double bullnose
• saddleback coping
• bullnose double strecther
• plinth header
• plinth strecther

A range of standard special bricks is produced for use in facing brickwork for angles , offsets and returns

Brickwork bonding

Purpose of bonding

• When building with bricks , it is necessary to lay the bricks to some recognised pattern or bond in order to ensure stability of the structure and to produce pleasing appearance
  
• Various bonds are designed so that no vertical joint in any one course is directly above or below a vertical joint in the adjoining course .
• To give various bonds , special bricks are produced . Alternatively , the bricklayer can cut from whole bricks on site
  

cellular bricks

THose in which the holes are closed at one end and exceed 20 percent of the volume of the brick.

Types of brick

1. Cellular and perforated bricks are lighter n weight than solid bricks and the cells and perforations facilitate drying and burning.
2. The saving in clay and consequent reduction in weight is an advantage in non-;loadbearing walls but does not significantly improve thermal insulation in external walls
3. Cellular bricks are laid with the cells or hollows downwards and perforated bricks should be laid so that the mortar does not fill the perforations

Other classifications

Brick may also be classified by one or more of the following:

1. Place of origin
2. Raw material
3. Manufacture , for example clay
4. Use , for example foundation
5. Colour , for example , red
6. Surface texture , for example sand-faced

Classification based on types of bricks

• Solid brick

1. Those in which small holes passing through or nearly through the brick do not exceed 25 percent of its volume , or in which frogs do not exceed 20% of its volume
2. A small hole is defined as a hole less than 20mm wide or less than 500mm square in area .

• Perforated bricks

1. THose in which holes passing through the brick exceed 25 percent of its volume and the holes are small as defined above

• Hollow bricks

1. Those in which the holes passing through the brick exceed 25 percent of its volume and the holes are larger than those defined as small holes.
   

classification based on qualities

1) Internal quality bricks

• Suitable for internal use olny ; may need protection on site during bad weather

2)Ordinary quality bricks

• Less durable than special quality but normally durable in the external face of a building .Some types are unsuitable for exposed situations

3)Special quality bricks

• For use in conditions of extreme exposure where the structure may become saturated and frozen , such as retaining walls and pavings

brick classification

• Brick may be classified in accordance with their uses as commons , facings and engineering bricks or by their quality as internal quality , ordinary quality , and special quality
• THe use and quality classification roughly coincide as commons are much used for internal walls , facings or ordinary quality for external walls and engineering or special quality bricks for their density and durability in positions of extreme exposure.
• In cost , commons are cheaper than facings and facings cheaper than engineering bricks

Classification based on used

Common brick

1. These are bricks that are sufficiently hard to carry the loads normally supported by brickwork safely.
2. Because they have a dull texture or poor colour , they are not in demand for use as facing bricks
3. Common bricks are used for internal walls tat are not usually exposed to view .
4. Suitable for general building work but having no special claim to give an attractive appearance

Facing brick

1. This incules any brick that is sufficiently hard burned to carry normal loads , is capable of withstanding the effects of rain , wind and frost without breaking up and that is thought to have a pleasant appearance
2. Specially made or selected to have an attractive appearance when used without rendering or plaster.(good attractive appearance without plastering )

Engineering bricks

1. THese are bricks that have been made from selected clay , that have been careefully prepared by crushing , have been very heavily moulded and carefully burned so that the finished brick is very solid and hard and is capavle of safety carrying much heavier load than other types of brick .
2. THse bricks are very hard , dense and do not readily absorb water .
3. These bricks are mainly used for walls carrying exceptionally heavy load , for brick pier and general engineering works

brick

Concrete brick

• Concrete brick are manufactured in the same size as clay bricks
• THey tend to be more consistent in shape , size and colour than clay bricks
• THey come in a variety of colours and finishes
• Appearance and properties vary between manufacturers , although the concrete bricks does have a different appearance from clay brick , which extends the choice to the designer.

Bricks classifications

• Bricks may be classified in accordance with their uses as commons , facings and engineering bricks or by their quality as internal quality , ordinary quality and special quality .
• THe use and quality classifications roughly conincide as commons are much used for internal walls , facings or ordinary quality for external walls and engineering or special quality bricks for their density and durability in positions of extreme exposure.
• In cost , commons are cheaper than facings and facings cheaper than engineering bricks
  

Brick and brickwork

• A brick is defined in BS 3921 as a walling unit with standard size of 215mm length, 102.5mm width and 65mm height
• With a 10mm mortar joint, the working size became 225x 112.5 x 75
• The majoriti of the bricks used today are made from clay , although bricks can also made from sand and lime or concrete
• Brickwork is used primarily in the construction of walls by the bedding and jointing of bricks into established bonding arragement
• A brick wall has very good fire resistance , is a moderately good insulator against transfer of heat , does not , if well built , deteriorate structurally and requires very little maintenance over a long period of time

Material for bricks
Clay brick

• Clay is ground mills , mixed with water to make it plastic and then moulded , either by hand or machine , to the shape and size of brick.
• Bricks that are shaped and pressed by hand in a sanded wood mould and then dried and fired have a sandy texture , are irregular in shape and colour
• Machine made bricks are either hydraulically pressed in steel moulds or extruded as a continuous band of clay
• THe continuous band of clay is cut into bricks by a wire frame . Bricks made this way are called wire cut
• THe moulded brick is baked to dry out the water and burned at a high temperature so that part of the clay fuses the whole mass of the brick into a hard durable unit
  

Calcium silicate Brick

• Generally known as sand-lime bricks
• THe bricks are made from a carefully controlled mixture of clean sand and hydrated lime , which is mixed together with water , heavily moulded to brick shape , and then the moulded brick is hardened in a steam oven
• THe resulting bricks are very uniform in shape and colour and are normally a dull white
• THe material from which they are made can be carefully selected and accurately proportioned to ensure a uniform harness , shape and durability that is quite impossible with the clay used for most bricks
  

Material for dpcs

• Bs 743 gives 7 suitable material for the construction of damp-proof courses , all of which should have the following properties:
• Be completely impervious
• Be durable , having a longer life than the other components in the buildings and therefore not needing replacing during its lifetime
• Be in comparatively thin sheet so as to prevent difigurement of the building
• Be strong enough to support the loads placed upon it without exuding from the wall
• Be flexible enough to give any settlement of the building without fracturing

seven suitable material for the construction of dpcs:

• Lead

-It is a flexible material supplied in thin sheets , and therefore large irregular shapes with few joints can be formed , but it has the disadvantage of being expensive

• Copper

-This should have a minimum thickness of 0.25mm , like lead it is supplied in thin sheets and is expensive .

• Bitumen

-THis is supplied in the form of a felt , usually to brick widths , and is therefore laid quickly with the minimum numbers of joints

Mastic asphalt

-Applied in two layers giving a total thickness of 25mm , it is applied in-situ and is therefore jointless , but is expensive in small quantities

• Polythene

-Black low-density polythene sheet of single thickness not less than 0.5mm thick should be used , it is easily laid but can be torn and puntured easily

• Slates

-These should not be less than 230mm long nor less than 4mm thick and laid in two courses set breaking the joint in cement mortar 1:3

• Slates have limited flexibility but are impervious and very durable

-Bricks

• THey are laid in two courses in cement mortar and may constrast with the general appearance of other brickwork in the same wall

Dunction and position of dpcs

The function of a damp-proof course is to provide a barrier to the passage of moisture from an external source into fabric of the building , or from one part of the structure to another.

Damp-proof courses may be either horizontal or vertical , and can generally be divided into three types:

• Those below ground level to prevent the entry of moisture from the soil
• Those placed just above ground level to prevent moisture creeping up the wall by capillary action
• THose placed at openings , parapets and similar locations to exclude the entry of the rainwater that falls directly onto the fabric of the structure
• There should be a continuous horizontal dpc above ground in walls , to prevent moisture from the ground rising through the foundation to the wall above ground , which otherwise would make wall surfaces damp and damage wall finishes .
• THe dpc should be continuous for the whole length and thickness of the wall and be at least 150mm above finishes ground level to avoid the possibility of a build up of material against the wall acting as a bridge from moisture from the ground

moisture rises through material to wall above , DPC too close to ground

• A DPC in external walls should unite with the dpm in , on or under the concrete bed , by the same level as the dpc in the wall or by uniting dpm and dpc laid at different levels with a vertical dpc

Damp Proof Courses (DPCs)

It is possible for dampness to penetrate into a building through the walls by one or more of three ways:

• By the rain penetrating the head of the wall and soaking down into the building below the roof level
• BY the rain beating against the external wall and soaking through the fabric into the building
• By ground moisture entering the wall at or near the base and creeping up the wall by capillary action and entering the building above the ground floor level.

Dampness pentration can be overcame by :

1. Inserting a suitable damp-proof courses in the thickness of the wall
2. Applying to the exposed face of the wall a barrier such as cement rendering or some suitable cladding such as vertcal tile hanging
3. COnstructing a cabity wall , whereby olny the external skin becomes damp , the cavity providing a suitable barrier to the passage of moisture throught the wall

Types of walls

• A solid wall is constructed either of blocks or brick , stone or concrete laid in mortar with the blocks laid to overlap in some form of bonding , or as a monolithic , that is , one fluid uniterrupted material such as concrete which is poured wet and hardens into a solid monolithic
• A solid wall of blocks is termed masonry wall , and a solid wall of concrete is termed monolithic wall
• A framed wall is constructed from a frame of small sections of timber , concrete or metal joined together , with thin panels of some material fixed over both sides or between the members of the frame
• Each of the types of wall may serve as internal or ecternal wall and as loadbearing or non-loadbearing wall.
• Each of the types of wall has different characteristics in fulfilling the functional requirement of a wall so that one type may have good resistance to fire but be a poor insulator against transfer of heat , and the other poor resistance to rain penetration yet goof insulation against transfer of heat.
• THere is no one type of wall that will fulfill all the functional requirement of a wall with maximum efficiency

• Masonry wall

1. Build on individual blocks of materials such as bricks , blocks or stones
2. Usually in horizontal courses , cemented together with some form of mortar.
3. May be solid ( single thickness ) or with a space/gap between two thicknesses
4. The cheapest structure

• Monolithic wall

1. Build of materials requiring some form of support or shuttering in the initial stage ( formwork ).
2. Plain concrete or reinforced concrete
3. Traditional earth wall and modern concrete wall are examples of this

Frame wall

1. Constructed as a frame of relatively small members
2. Usually formed or constructed by timber
3. Less strength but cheaper
4. Lower degree of sound insulation
5. Better thermal insulation.

Membrane wall

1. Constructed as a sandwich of two or more thin skins or sheets of plywood , reinforced plastic , metal or other suitable materials
2. Thin in general but of high strength and lightweight
3. Can be used for load or non-loadbearing walls or as panels to a structural frame

walls

The function of wall is to enclose and protect a building or to divide space within a building.

The functional requirement of a wall are :

1. wall
2. stability
3. Durability
4. Resistance to ground moisture
5. Resistance to wheather
6. Fire resistance (30 minute )
7. Thermal insulation
8. Sound insulation
9. Security
10. Aesthetics

Types of wall
Some of the most popular materials that are used for walls are :

• Stone , both natural and artificial stone
• Bricks , blocks , primarily of clay or concrete
• Timber , used as a cladding and also in a structural capacity
• Concrete , used in decorative and structural capacity
• Steel , used primarily in a structural capacity
• Glass , used as a rainscreen and also in a structural capacity
• Basically , there are 2 major types of walling system , namely solid and frame walls
• Membrane wall is another type of wall which is less popular
• Solid wall has been the most common type of walls being used in Malaysia .
• Solid wall is made by brick , stone or concrete whereas frame wall consist of small secction of timber , metal or concrete.
  

walls

A wall is a continuous , usually vertical structure of brick , block , stone , concrete , timber or metal , thin in proportion to its length and height , which encloses and protects a buildings or serves to divide buildings into compartments or rooms

walls are described as external or internal to differentiate functional requirements , and as loadbearing or non-loadbearing to differentiate structural requirement,

• External wall are those that enclose and protect a building.
• Internal wall are those that divide buildings into compaetments or rooms
• Load bearing walls are those that carry loads from floors and roofs , in addition to their own weight.
• Non-load bearing walls are those that carry olny their own weight and freestanding .
• Partition is generally used to describe a non-loadbearing internal dividing wall.

physical considerations

1. Natural contours of land
2. Natural vegetation and trees
3. Size of land and /or proposed buildings
4. Shape of land and /or proposed buildings
5. Approach and access roads and footpaths
6. Service available
7. Natural waterways , lakes and ponds
8. Restrictions such as rights of way ; tree preservation and ancient buildings
9. Climatic conditions created by surrounding properties , land or activities
10. Proposed future developments

Example

1. Split level construction to form economic shape
2. Shape determine by existing trees
3. Plateau or high ground solution giving dry site conditions on sloping sites
4. Stepped elevation or similar treatment to blend with the natural enviroment

physical considerations

environmental consideration

examples

1. Entrance bethrooms studio
2. Dining and kitchen areas
3. Rest areas lounge
4. studios laboratories art rooms
5. handicraft rooms
6. workshops
7. library
8. classrooms
9. staff rooms offices
10. operating theatres
11. wards
12. solariumds and offices
13. workshops
14. machine shops
15. storage areas
16. light assembly work and similar activities offices
17. Oreintation aspectr

environmental considerations

1. Planning requirement
2. Building Regulations
3. Land restrictions by vendor or lessor
4. Avalability of services
5. Local amenities including transport
6. subsoil conditions
7. levels and topographs of land
8. Adjoining buildings or land
9. Use of buildings
10. Daylight and view aspects

Building enviroment

environment+surroundings which can be natural , man-made or a combination of these

Built Environment= Created by man with or without the aid of the natural environment

Natural enviroment

1. Grasses and wild flowers
2. decidous and coniferous trees
3. shrubs and bushes
4. rick out craps
5. waterways and lakes

Man built environment external

1. Buildings
2. retaining walls
3. paved areas
4. rockeries
5. planted areas
6. pools and ponds
7. trees and shrubs

Element of the built environment (internal )

1. artificial light
2. daylight , ventilation and vision out
3. indoor plant cultivation
4. internal space heating
5. circulation space
6. furniture
7. Texture and colour of internal finishes